Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia Free Ebook 61
Mode of Action Although the clinical effects of khat have been attributed to a combination of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulants, a neuroeffector model of the effect is suggested by the effects of khat on the sweat glands (increased sweating) and heart rate (increased rate). 393 An extensive study of the effects of khat has been published in the form of a book entitled ” The Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Deethylated Alkaloids from Catha Edulis (khat) ” (Peters et al., 1982). 393 It has been shown that an extract of the leaves and root of Combretum is a potent inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of putrescine, a possible precursor of polyamines, which are involved in a number of important physiological functions in the cells of higher organisms. This may be significant in cancer prevention and treatment.
The leaves of A. congensis and its fruits are widely used as an antipyretic drug in Africa. 1134 A similar study carried out in Nigeria found the unripe fruit pulp to possess good activity against herpes virus (HSV-1) and common cold (coronavirus) viruses, while the stem exhibited low activity, and the roots and the seed had no activity. 1134, 1021 The only study conducted in Europe utilized A. congensis leaves in vitro to show antiviral activity against the HSV and several other herpes viruses, as well as the respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. The antiviral activity of extracts prepared from the leaves was found to be more pronounced than against coxsackievirus (B4) and the encephalomyocarditis virus. 1135 The most active leaves extract was shown to be prepared using 95% ethanol. No other studies on the antiviral activity of A. congensis have been reported. Recent evidence suggests that baobab, like many other promising plant remedies, has potential as an anti-retroviral agent.
Blumenthal 179 reported that a single intravenous dose of d-idacyl dimethylaminoacetate, an oily extract from the leaves, stems, and roots of S. bicolor, precipitated vomiting and inhibited the growth of Plasmodium berghei in mice injected with the parasite. Echitamine was firstly isolated from the seeds of the Amazonian plant, Cecropia peltata. 180 It was subsequently identified in other Amaryllidaceae, including C. radicans (the world-wide armorial, lanceolata, and the Australian alba). 181 The alkaloid is also present in Trichocereus pachanoi (the Mexican, cacaoba, and the African, scorpion, karamoko). 182 In addition to Cecropiaand S. bicolor, echitamine is present in Agelaea uvedana and Ligustrum ovalifolium leaves, Tibouchina pulverulenta leaves, Syzygium aromaticum leaves, Erythroxylon coca leaves, Toona sinensis seeds, Citrus medica leaves, C. sinensis fruits, and Azadirachta indica seeds. 183 Even in high dilutions it was a powerful antipyretic in the tail-flick test in mice. 184 A multi-center clinical trial at 24 research centers revealed that S. bicolor was well tolerated and effective in the treatment of fever in malaria-infected children in Mali. 185 The extract was also found to be an excellent acaricide, and the major component, echitamine, was effective against Dermatophagoides farinae in addition to D. 5ec8ef588b
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