Lockhart Hamilton Anatomia Humana Pdfl
the present study was carried out with the purpose of providing information about the circulation of major splanchnic nerves in the human body. this information is important to support the execution of surgical procedures on the region of the splanchnic nerves. the circulation of splanchnic nerves is important for the innervation of the visceras in the abdomen and thorax. we have observed that the splanchnic nerves have great distribution over the abdomen, so that some of them are more easily separated from the main body of nerves. the present study focused on the main branches of splanchnic nerves. the aim was to observe their positions and contributions to the formation of the azygos vein. in the present study, we could observe the contribution of the following eight major branches: right subcostal vein, right ascending lumbar vein, left lateral lumbar vein, left 1st lumbar vein, left 1st accessory renal vein, left renal vein, 1st lumbar accessory renal vein, and left external iliac vein. we did not observe the contributions of the lumbar tributaries of the renal vein, as described by other authors (lockhart et al.; latarjet & ruiz liard).
the vascular anatomy of the mesentery is extremely variable. vast areas of the mesentery are completely avascular; on the other hand, another area of the mesentery is very rich in vessels (lockhart et al., 1965; gardner et al., 1978; williams et al., 1995). the mesentery is formed by three layers: the outermost, a double muscular layer; the middle, a fatty one; and the innermost, a connective tissue one (gardner et al.; orts-llorca). it is this last layer that contains the major splanchnic nerve and its branches. the nerve is found in the mesentery, where it forms a plexus around some of the arteries and veins. the nerve is also found in the retroperitoneum. the major splanchnic nerve (tibial nerve) is formed by contributions of the l1 to l4 vertebrae, and usually originates from l2 to l4 vertebrae. it is joined by contributions from l1 and l3 to l4 vertebrae (latarjet et al.; scott; sarrailh).
according to the literature, the azygos vein receives contributions from the right posterior lumbar vein, right anterior lumbar vein, right lumbar vein and the subcostal vein and the right posterior lumbar vein in the formation of the azygos vein (lockhart et al.; hollinshead; spalteholz; gardner et al.; woodburne; latarjet & ruiz liard; williams et al.). this information is in agreement with the findings of the present study, in which the right posterior lumbar vein and the right anterior lumbar vein contributed to the formation of the azygos vein. in the present study, in the right major splanchnic nerves, we observed that 16 (64.00%) have shown the descendent rout with medial way and 6 (20.00%) have shown themselves as the other route of the azygos vein following the side outline of the spine. according to the literature, the azygos vein receives contributions from the left posterior lumbar vein, right anterior lumbar vein, right lumbar vein and subcostal vein. in the present study, the right anterior lumbar vein contributed in the formation of the azygos vein in one case (3.33%), from the middle colic artery in another case (3.33%). in the other two cases, the middle colic artery contributed to the formation of the azygos vein, one of them coming from the right accessory renal vein and the other from the left renal vein.00%) have shown the descendent rout with medial way, and six (20.00%) show themselves as the other route of the azygos vein following the side outline of the spine. however, the formation pattern of the azygos vein is controversial, as suggested in the literature, which consists of contributions from the right posterior lumbar vein, right anterior lumbar vein, right lumbar vein, subcostal vein, middle colic vein and gonadic vein. we believe that the right anterior lumbar vein contributes in the formation of the azygos vein. [ links ]gray, d. j. & o’rrahilly r. anatoma humana. 3a ed.
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