Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story Of Britain’s Gulag In Kenya Free Download
an estimated 10,000 kikuyu civilians in kenya and uganda were detained during the emergency and the majority died in british-administered prisons and camps. a further 30,000 are thought to have been deported to uganda and elsewhere. 85 on 26 april 1960 a special provision under the public safety (defence of the realm) act allowed for the indefinite detention of up to three years of persons suspected of committing crime. these powers would later be exploited in the detention of suspected terrorists, suspected illegal immigrants, and persons of potential interest to intelligence agencies during the seventies and eighties. 86
the names of those taken into colonial custody-those who were, in their words, “taught a lesson” by the colonial power-resonate with a century of racist suppression, from black men and women who refused to become “tommy atkins” of the colonial army, to those who challenged british land titles or kikuyu aspirations to national self-determination. the men and women of imperial detention spoke of the truth-telling reclamation of their own agency, of being able to resist colonial injustice as their ancestors had through ritual and rebellion, of speaking their minds to british colonial agents and founding their own organisations in defiance of imperial authority. 87
despite the majority of those detained being released, some of the abused grew vocal in their criticism. when the british government’s registration of brutality against those in colonial custody had taken place in 1958, a former colonial agent who had personally witnessed the abuse alleged that the officers and administrators who had committed the violence had been so badly traumatised by the conditions in the camps that the incidents of brutality could not be entirely separated from fear of the camp’s power over them. the result was a reluctance to make specific allegations of the kind of physical and psychological abuse that was taking place in colonial detention, a reluctance exacerbated by the fact that camp guards were not reliable witnesses to the widespread suffering of inmates. 88
this shift in imperial policy represented a fundamental, and momentous, change in the british imperial outlook. until then, the empire was conceived as a multiplicity of disparate local interests managed in a loose and loose fashion. in the post-napoleonic period, the british used “reduction of the number of dependencies” as a stated and guiding goal for their african policy. leading strategists cautioned against “enlargement of the african possessions” because it was believed that such a policy would mean an eventual “military reduction in europe.” in contrast, cabinet minutes from june 1901 noted the need to dismantle a colonial system that was firmly entrenched and had become overwhelming. one of the most important changes was the emergence of a more formal, centralized, and centralising state. this system of state control, however, was different from the state bureaucracies that had emerged in britain and north america. on the european continent, europe was a battle zone, and its domestic structures did not exist as a counter to the threat of external militarism. british colonialism had nurtured an imperial bureaucracy of officials charged with the practical task of administering colonies. but these officials, including the colonial office and the governors, operated within their own spheres of responsibility, and were insulated from one another. this separation of spheres of authority allowed administrators to attempt actions that would have been illegal or impossible had they been carried out by a single official. this fact, combined with the lack of legal and political accountability in colonial africa, meant that a number of officials could be quite brutal and would be rewarded for it. an imperial bureaucracy is typically hierarchical, but such a hierarchy was not one of rank, but of responsibilities. officials had authority over their own particular set of responsibilities; so long as they did their job well, they could follow their bureaucratic hierarchy without worry.
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